Effect of farm management on topsoil organic carbon and aggregate stability in water: A case study from Southwest England,UK

There are few reliable data sets to inspire confidence in policymakers that soil organic carbon (SOC) can be measured on farms. We worked with farmers in the Tamar Valley region of southwest England to select sampling sites under similar conditions (soil type, aspect and slope) and management types. Topsoils (2–15 cm) were sampled in autumn 2015, and percentage soil organic matter (%SOM) was determined by loss on ignition and used to calculate %SOC. We also used the stability of macroaggregates in cold water (WSA) (‘soil slaking’) as a measure of ‘soil health’ and investigated its relationship with SOC in the clay‐rich soils. %SOM was significantly different between management types in the order woodland (11.1%) = permanent pasture (9.5%) > ley‐arable rotation (7.7%) = arable (7.3%). This related directly to SOC stocks that were larger in fields under permanent pasture and woodland compared with those under arable or ley‐arable rotation whether corrected for clay content (F = 8.500, p < .0001) or not (F = 8.516, p < .0001). WSA scores were strongly correlated with SOC content whether corrected for clay content (SOC_adj R² = .571, p < .0001) or not (SOC_unadj R² = 0.490, p = .002). Time since tillage controlled SOC stocks and WSA scores, accounting for 75.5% and 51.3% of the total variation, respectively. We conclude that (1) SOC can be reliably measured in farmed soils using accepted protocols and related to land management and (2) WSA scores can be rapidly measured in clay soils and related to SOC stocks and soil management.     

残塬沟壑区果园复合种植对土壤动物群落特征的影响

为了解苹果复合种植即果-蔬[MB]、果-草[MH]、果-荒[MW]、果-粮[MZ]模式下土壤动物群落结构特征,采用手拣法和改良干、湿生漏斗法,对黄土残塬沟壑区苹果园4种复合种植模式下的土壤动物群落组成及特征进行调查研究。4种模式下共分离得到土壤动物57.33百只/m~2,隶属4门11纲23目42个类群。4种复合种植模式下土壤动物个体密度和类群数的垂直分布特征表现出明显的表聚特征,水平分布特征表现为果-草[MH]果-蔬[MB]果-荒[MW]≥果-粮[MZ]。果-草[MH]复合种植模式下土壤动物的多样性指数、均匀度指数及丰富度指数最高,优势度指数最低,表明4种复合种植模式对果园土壤动物类群多样性的影响呈现不同的特征。研究结果可为黄土残塬沟壑区苹果果园生物多样性保护提供土壤动物生态学依据。     

大豆PHD家族蛋白的全基因组鉴定及表达特征分析

PHD（Plant Homeodomain Finger）基因家族编码一类锌指转录因子,广泛参与植物的生长发育和逆境应答过程。通过全基因组鉴定获得了95个大豆PHD家族蛋白。通过共线性分析、进化树构建、基因结构和功能结构域鉴定、GO注释分析、不同组织间和非生物胁迫下表达分析等,获得了大豆PHD家族基因复制、家族进化、保守结构域及基因表达等信息。结果表明,大豆PHD基因在家族进化、基因结构和保守结构域上存在较大变异,可能参与Zn ²⁺结合、DNA结合及表观遗传调控等分子过程,参与调控植物生长发育和逆境应答。这些结果为进一步研究大豆PHD家族在生长发育和逆境应答中的生物学功能提供重要线索。     

茶树CsWRKYIIcs转录因子的克隆及功能分析

【目的】以‘陕茶1号’为材料,克隆CsWRKYIIcs转录因子并分析序列特征,了解其在不同组织和非生物胁迫下的表达模式以及转录活性,为深入研究茶树在逆境胁迫中的功能提供理论依据。【方法】根据茶树基因组数据库注释的WRKY序列设计特异性引物,采用RT-PCR技术从‘陕茶1号’中扩增CsWRKYIIcs的cDNA序列,用生物信息工具分析序列的特点,实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）研究基因的表达模式,用酵母试验验证其转录活性。【结果】获得9条CsWRKYIIcs的cDNA序列,开放阅读框长度分别为561、960、936、978、897、912、720、1 008和969 bp,分别编码186、319、311、325、298、303、239、335、322个氨基酸。除了CsWRKYIIc7缺少锌指序列外,其他CsWRKYIIcs均含有1个WRKY保守结构域和典型的C₂H₂型锌指结构。不同物种中的WRKYIIcs具有相似的保守基序,而茶树CsWRKYIIcs和拟南芥、葡萄等双子叶植物的WRKYIIcs氨基酸序列相似性更高。另外,CsWRKYIIcs启动子区域均预测到多个与非生物胁迫相关的顺式作用元件,意味着其可能参与非生物胁迫响应。qRT-PCR结果表明,9个CsWRKYIIcs在根和花中的表达量高于茎和叶,具有一定的特异性。同时,在干旱、ABA、高温和高盐胁迫下被不同程度的诱导表达,其中CsWRKYIIc1和CsWRKYIIc7的表达量变化显著,与推定的顺式作用元件结果相符。酵母试验表明9个茶树CsWRKYIIcs均具有转录激活活性。【结论】克隆获得9个茶树CsWRKYIIcs转录因子,它们参与了茶树对ABA、干旱、高温和高盐胁迫的响应,也可能发挥转录激活因子的调控作用。CsWRKYIIc1和CsWRKYIIc7可作为候选基因深入研究茶树的抗逆功能。     

Do tillage and conversion of grassland to cropland always deplete soil organic carbon?

ABSTRACT

Conversion of grassland to cropland is widely reported to deplete soil organic carbon (SOC) largely due to tillage effects on the decomposition of SOC. However, most studies report on long-term changes in SOC following the conversion and little is known about the changes in the short term. Net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB) measures the difference between total C input (i.e., manure, above- and below-ground plant residues) and C loss through heterotrophic respiration (RH). However, most studies that report temporal SOC do not report other components of the NECB like RH, total C inputs and often do not include the cumulative annualized change of these components. This review evaluated the change in C input, RH, NECB and SOC after conversion of permanent/continuous grassland to cropland within 5 years after the conversion. We also reviewed and compared no-tillage and conventional tillage on SOC storage and accumulation. Total C input was higher in grassland than cropland largely due to high root biomass, as opposed to aboveground residue, and therefore grassland tended to have higher NECB. Despite higher NECB in grassland, the SOC stocks in cropland (cornfield) converted from grassland were greater than that in continuous grassland within first 2–3 years of conversion. The combination of manure C addition and tillage in cropland showed potential to maintain NECB and increase SOC. Within the continuous grassland C addition alone increased NECB but did not result in a corresponding increase in SOC. Residue retention and manure addition are recognized as good practices for increasing SOC, this study however, shows that combining them with occasional tillage, especially in managed grasslands, could increase the rate of SOC storage in soils.     

近60年河北省冬小麦干旱风险时空规律

干旱是造成作物减产的主要自然灾害,开展作物干旱成因机制和时空特征研究,对于稳定区域粮食生产有重要意义。本研究基于河北省内18个国家标准气象站点1958—2016年的长时间序列观测资料,采用水分亏缺指数(CWDI)作为干旱评价指标,分析了近60年来河北省冬小麦的干旱风险时空格局;通过CWDI对不同气象因子的敏感性分析,进一步探究了冬小麦干旱的成因机制。研究表明,冬小麦生育期需水量和干旱风险呈先增后减再增加的特征,在拔节–抽穗阶段的干旱风险最高,其次是抽穗-成熟阶段。冬小麦全生育期间干旱等级以重旱和特旱为主,特别在其产量形成的关键生长中后期,河北省东南部黑龙港地区面临较高的旱灾风险。冬小麦干旱受降水、气温、湿度等多种因素的影响,其中影响最大的是降水;气温是影响冬小麦生育后期干旱程度的关键因子,伴随近几十年气候变化冬小麦生长期内温度明显升高,将增加冬小麦生长期的耗水量和灌溉需求。本研究揭示了气候变化影响下河北省冬小麦干旱风险的时空演变规律,识别出了干旱灾害的高风险区和关键生育期阶段,可为优化冬小麦灌溉管理和农田防灾减灾提供参考依据。     

油-棉连作棉田油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生及土壤杂草种子库的动态影响

在安徽省沿江棉区开展了油菜秸秆覆盖对棉田杂草发生、棉花生长及土壤杂草种子库影响的研究。结果表明,随着油菜秸秆覆盖量的增加,对棉田杂草的抑制效果增强。与未覆盖秸秆且不除草处理相比较,7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理棉花单株铃数和子棉产量显著提高。7000Kg/hm²秸秆覆盖量处理在覆盖后30d、60d和120d逐步减少0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度,与全程除草剂处理较一致；随着覆盖量减少,对0-20cm土层杂草种子库密度降低幅度减小。全程除草剂处理降低0-5cm土层杂草种子库多样性,而油菜秸秆覆盖则可能增加0-5cm土层的杂草种子库多样性。3500Kg/hm²覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂处理的抑草效果和增产效果与全程除草剂处理一致。因此,在安徽省沿江棉区油-棉连作棉田推荐使用3500Kg/hm²油菜秸秆覆盖量+秸秆覆盖30d后喷施除草剂。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

基于能值分析京郊蔬菜不同生产经营方式的生态经济可持续性评价

利用能值理论和经济投入、产出分析方法,对北京郊区农户常规种植、企业常规种植和企业有机种植3种大棚蔬菜的生态经济可持续性进行研究。结果表明:在能值评价方面,企业有机种植模式能值年总投入为6.81×10~(16)sej/hm~2,低于农户常规种植模式(1.19×10~(17)sej/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(8.53×10~(16)sej/hm~2);能值投资率为44.20,分别是农户常规种植和企业常规种植模式的2.41和3.81;环境负载率为2.14,低于农户常规种植模式(3.76)与企业常规种植模式(6.29);可持续发展指数为0.48,高于农户常规种植模式的0.28和企业常规种植模式的0.19。在经济方面,企业有机种植模式的利润(1.45×10~6元/hm~2)高于农户常规种植模式(3.34×10~5元/hm~2)和企业常规种植模式(负利润)。综合能值与经济2个方面,企业有机种植模式是京郊大棚蔬菜的3种模式中生态经济可持续性最优的模式。     

基于粮食安全贡献度的中国粮食主产区粮食供求格局演变

基于粮食安全贡献度的FSP模型分析框架,从省际粮食供需平衡的角度测算中国粮食主产区对国家粮食安全的贡献,并探究了粮食主产区粮食供求格局的演变特征。结果表明:除2000—2003年粮食产量骤降造成粮食供给缺口外,1991—1999年、2004—2018年中国粮食主产区粮食盈余(调出量)呈“稳中有降—绝对增长”的U型变化趋势,历年粮食安全贡献度均高于85%,粮食主产区的粮食地位相对稳固。粮食主产区的粮食供求格局经历了省际间的分化和重组。一方面,粮食供给向中北部地区集聚,而南部地区粮食产需紧平衡,粮食供需错配严重;另一方面,粮食供需空间分异明显,2000年后黑龙江、河南、吉林3省的粮食安全贡献度合计达50%左右,而湖南、江西、江苏、河北、湖北、四川、辽宁7省的历年粮食安全贡献度均低于5%,粮食调出总量合计仅占粮食主产区粮食调出总量的10%~20%。